Classification of Kashar Cheeses Based on Their Chemical,Color and Instrumental Textural Characteristics Using Principal Component and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis

Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were applied to investigate physicochemical and instrumental textural properties of fresh kashar cheese. Four different principal components sufficiently explained the variability in the cheese samples. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to group the kashar cheese samples regarding physicochemical and instrumental textural properties. Instrumental textural properties indicated greater variability than chemical composition of cheese samples. Principal component analysis revealed that color parameters were positively correlated with textural and chemical parameters. The results of this study revealed that other parameters rather than chemical composition would be effective on the instrumental textural properties. It was proved that principal component analysis was a very effective statistical tool to determine quality of cheese samples. According to the principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis results, the attributes defining the kashar cheese samples were determined to be primarily the texture profile analysis parameters.     

Optimal design of MR damper via finite element analyses of fluid dynamic and magnetic field

In the last decade many researchers have been carried out on semi-active control systems, a large number of academic publications have been presented. Semi-active control systems which are used the magnetic field controlled fluid have been shown significant improvements by the researchers. In the study, a design optimization method that has been carried out for the objectives of target damper force and maximum magnetic flux density of an MR damper has been presented. Finite element methods, electromagnetic analysis of magnetic field and CFD analysis of MR flow, have been used to obtain optimal value of design parameters. The new approach that is use of magnetic field and MR flow together and simultaneously has specified optimal design values. Two optimal design of MR damper obtained have been verified with experimental study by manufacturing and testing of the dampers.     

Proximate Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Adenanthera pavonina</Emphasis> L. Seed Oil,a Source of Lignoceric Acid Grown in Pakistan

Adenanthera pavonina L. is indigenous to Pakistan a proximate analysis of the seeds was carried out and a physicochemical characterization of the seed oil and also a quality evaluation of the oil was made. The hexane-extracted oil content of the seed was 13.32 ± 0.55 %. Analysis showed the seed of A. pavonina contained appreciable amounts of protein (22.14 ± 0.78 %). Fiber and ash contents were 3.13 ± 0.64 and 4.53 ± 0.47 %, respectively. Triacylglycerol (97.51 ± 1.12 %) was predominantly present in the seed oil. Unsaponifiable matter (0.95 ± 0.10 %), peroxide value (11.43 ± 0.51 mequiv./kg) and saponification value (196.3 ± 0.87 mg of KOH/g of oil), iodine value (83.73 ± 1.18 g I/100 g oil) are in close agreement with the edible seed oils. α-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol 152.33 ± 13.19 mg/kg of oil while sterols are present at a significant level. Linoleic acid (42.97 ± 0.91 %) and oleic acid (17.89 ± 0.54 %) were found predominantly in unsaturated fatty acids while lignoceric acid (20.24 ± 1.12 %) was the predominant one among the saturated fatty acids. Lignoceric acid is rarely found in seed which is an essential nutrient for growth, development and maintenance of the brain. It is concluded that A. pavonina seeds appear to be a potential source of lignoceric acid and linoleic acid. This oil can be utilized in the manufacture of cosmetics, paints, varnishes, soaps, pharmaceutical products, biodiesel and blended formulations. The high protein content revealed that the seeds could be a good source of energy.     

Constrained mirror placement on the Internet

Web content providers and content distribution network (CDN) operators often set up mirrors of popular content to improve performance. Due to the scale and decentralized administration of the Internet, companies have a limited number of sites (relative to the size of the Internet) where they can place mirrors. We formalize the mirror placement problem as a case of constrained mirror placement, where mirrors can only be placed on a preselected set of candidates. We study performance improvement in terms of client round-trip time (RTT) and server load when clients are clustered by the autonomous systems (AS) in which they reside. Our results show that, regardless of the mirror placement algorithm used, for only a surprisingly small range of values there is an increase in the number of mirror sites (under the constraint) effective in reducing the client to server RTT and server load. In this range, we show that greedy placement performs the best.     

Analysis of electrical and photoelectrical properties of ZnO/p-InP heterojunction

A ZnO/p-InP heterojunction has been fabricated by dc sputtering of ZnO on p-InP. It has been observed that the device has a good rectification. The electrical properties of the device such as ideality factor, barrier height, series resistance have been calculated using its current-voltage (I-V) measurements between 300 and 380 K with 20 K intervals. The short current density (J_sc) and open circuit voltage (V_oc) parameters have been determined between 40 and 100 mW/cm². The photovoltaic parameters of the device have been also determined under 100 mW/cm² and AM1.5 illumination condition.     

Fabrication of self-functionalized polymeric surfaces and their application in electrochemical acetaminophen detection

Conducting polymer coatings have offered functionalized surfaces having good electrical, mechanical, and physical properties. In this work, electrochemical preparation and characterization of polypyrrole/polypyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (PPy/PPa) copolymer onto single-use pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) were described and detailed. Then, the application of these electrodes was demonstrated for the detection a commonly used analgesic, acetaminophen (AC) (paracetamol). Copolymer was deposited onto PGEs using cyclic voltammetry (CV) between +0.0 V and +1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl. Experimental conditions such as the effect of monomer ratios (3:1–6:1) and cyclic scans (1 cycle to 10 cycles) on electropolymerization were examined. Coated surfaces were characterized with CV and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical response of the electrode in AC at various pH values was evaluated. Then, AC detection was performed based on the oxidation signal of the drug at about +0.55 V versus Ag/AgCl using differential pulse voltammetry in buffer and body fluid (serum).     

Nanoleakage within adhesive-dentin interfaces made with simplified ethanol-wet bonding

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the simplified ethanol-wet bonding technique and conventional water-wet bonding technique on short term nanoleakage within hybrid layers made with two different etch-and-rinse adhesives (Single Bond 2 and Prime & Bond NT). Materials and methods: Flat dentin surfaces from bovine incisors were prepared and finished with wet 600-grit abrasive papers, then divided into groups to be bonded with one of the adhesives. After etching and rinsing, dentin surfaces were either moistened with water (water-wet bonding technique) or moistened with absolute ethanol for 1 min (ethanol-wet bonding technique). Then, adhesives were applied, and composite buildups were done. Bonded teeth samples were sectioned into resin–dentin samples by means of a low speed diamond saw under water cooling. Specimens were immersed into a 50% (w/v) solution of silver ammoniacal nitrate for 18 h and exposed to photodeveloping solution for 6 h. The amount of silver nitrate uptake within the adhesive layer, or hybrid layer, was measured with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in different regions (n = 30). Results: Simplified ethanol-wet bonding significantly reduced nanoleakage within resin–dentin interfaces made with Single Bond 2 and Prime & Bond NT, but improvement at the nanoleakage of Single Bond 2 was only significant. Conclusion: Simplified ethanol-wet bonding may improve quality of hybrid layers made with commercially available simplified etch-and-rinse adhesives. But benefits of ethanol-wet bonding may depend on product.